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''Nanman'' () were aboriginal tribes who lived in southwestern China. They may have been related to the ''Sanmiao'', dated to around the 3rd century BC. The ''Nanman'' were multiple ethnic groups including the Zhuang, the Kinh, the Tai, and some non-Chinese Tibetan-speaking groups such as the Bai people. There was never a single polity that united these people. The ''Book of Rites'' details ancient stereotypes about the ''Si Yi'' "Four Barbarians" surrounding China. During the Three Kingdoms period, the state of Shu Han ruled over Southwest China. After the death of Shu Han's founder, Liu Bei, the tribesmen of the region rebelled against Shu Han's rule. The Shu Han chancellor, Zhuge Liang, led a successful expedition to quell the rebellion. In the novel ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'', the rebellious Nanman tribes are depicted as an alliance under the leadership of Meng Huo. Meng Huo is said to have submitted to the rule of Shu Han after being captured and released no fewer than seven times by Zhuge Liang. This story has been adapted into many other works of fiction over the centuries, as well as video games based on the era. During the Tang dynasty, the Hmong ceased as a major non-Chinese group except in Yunnan, where they were ruled by the six Zhao (趙). The southernmost, known as ''Mengshezhao'' () or Kingdom of Nanzhao (), united the six Zhao and founded the first documented independent ''Nanman'' state during the early 8th century. The royalty were thought to be Bai people. Nanzhao regularly paid tributes through the head of military district ''Jiannan Jiedushi'' (劍南節度使). When the Tang dynasty gradually declined, ''Nanman'' gained more independence, but were largely assimilated by later dynasties, in particular from the Yuan Dynasty onward. However, some of Nanzhao's cultural influences were carried south due to its location. The early Chinese exonym ''Man'' (蠻) "southern barbarians" was a graphic pejorative written with Radical 142 虫, the "insect" or "reptile" radical. Xu Shen's (c. 121 CE) ''Shuowen Jiezi'' dictionary defines ''man'' as "Southern barbarians (are a ) snake race. (character is formed ) from () insect / serpent (and takes its pronunciation from ) ''luàn'' 南蠻蛇種从虫䜌聲."〔Tr. by Mair, Victor H. (2010), (How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language ), Pinyin.info.〕 == See also == * Baiyue * Bandun Man * Dai people * Fan Chuo's Tang dynasty work, the ''Manshu'' (蠻書) * Nanban trade * Sinocentrism * Tai peoples * Zhuang people 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nanman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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